Legalization of Marijuana :: Weed Drugs Argumentative Essays

For many years the use of marijuana for medical purposes has been an issue of controversial discussion. Many claim that marijuana is a drug that has proven itself to be of no medical value in the treatment of terminal illnesses. Those who feel this way, usually ignore the long history of marijuanas medical uses a history that goes back thousands of years ago. The drug has aided many people with the coping of terminal diseases. The use of marijuana as a medicinal herb has allowed many with no hope, to enjoy life more fully and lead rather decent life-styles. Marijuana has been erroneously classify as an addictive drug that causes unrepairable psychological side effects. This may be true if marijuana is taken in heavy doses and for recreational purposes. The real circumstance however, is that this condition could occur with the abuse of any drug, whether it is legalized by the Medical Board or not. If marijuana is abused, it is being used in an abnormal manner, therefore perhaps lea ding to severe emotional reactions and personality changes. Marijuana should be classified as a non-addictive drug thereby being legalized for medical purposes. The use of marijuana, under medical observation and through proper doses, in fact will not create a drug-addict, but rather it will enhance and profit the chances of a better life style. All throughout the different epochs of this worlds history, cannibis sativa and cannibis indica, more commonly known as marijuana, has verified to its users its medicinal powers. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the around active ingredient out of the already known 460 compounds found in cannibis. It is present in large amounts and is extremely psychoactive (Grinspoon and Bakalar). The first known land of marijuana use for medical purposes was in 2737 B.C. by a Chinese emperor by the name of Chen-nung. He recommended it for the treatment of malaria, constipation, rheumatic pains, absent-mindedness, and female disorders. later Chen- nung discoveries, many cultures acquired the emperors knowledge and accepted the therapeutic benefits of the medicinal plant. For example, in India, Cannabis has been recommended to quicken the mind, lower fevers, induce sleep, cure dysentery, stimulate appetite, change digestion, relive headaches, and cure veneral diseases (Grinspoon and Bakalar). Other places where marijuana began to make a big impact were Persia, Assayria, Greece, Africa, South America, Turkey, and Egypt. Within the realms of Western medicine, cannibis began to demonstrate its abilities from 1840 to 1900.

Homeless Children Essay -- Child Homelessness, 2014

IntroductionIn the United States, 1.5 million sisterren are homeless(prenominal) person. 1.5 million children are without fitting shelter, nourishment, healthcare, or education. When a child is homeless, it is not just a contribute that they are without. They are more likely than other children to experience hunger, constant illness, mental disorders, and developmental delays.1 Being homeless negatively affects a childs overall welfare and ability to thrive within their community throughout their childhood and into their adulthood. It impedes their ability to live a healthy life and gain an adequate education, as children who are homeless face far more obstacles, such as increased health risks and inadequacy of educational opportunities, than children who arent homeless. They are less likely to be able to contribute to society, as less than a quarter of homeless children graduate or receive well-paying jobs, qualification them trapped in a life of poverty. squirt homelessness is the perfect portrait of poverty. Children are deprived of their basic needs shelter, food, safety, and other resources which are required for any individual to examine out a lifetime of poverty. In the United States, it is every individuals human right to fetch their basic needs fulfilled the regime and the U.S. community need to ensure that those rights are being applied to all people in order to constitute a more flourishing and prospered society. In an effort to solve the problem of child homelessness, the U.S. government has implemented legislative assembly to provide funding and backup man for services to the homeless, including provisions under the No Child Left Behind accomplishment in 2001. However, it is not enough. To help homeless children overcome the obstacles of homelessness, such as poor healthcare and education, and put an finis to child homelessness the United States government must actively ensure that the problem of child homelessness is being answer ed. By implementing and adjacent through with the provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which increase the services and funding as included in the McKinney-Vento Act, the U.S. will be making greater strides towards ending homelessness all together. The legislature must also pass the HEARTH Act of 2009 as the reauthorization of the amendment of the McKinney-Vento Act and consider the Homeless Children and Youth Act of 2009 and other legislation... ...ition for the Homeless. June 2008. 5 Apr. 2009 .Education Pays... actors assistant of Labor Statistics. 6 Mar. 2009. United States Department of Labor. 29 Apr. 2009 .Hart-Shegos, Ellen. Homelessness and its Effect on Children. Ed. Anne Ray. Dec. 1999. Family Housing Fund. 5 Apr. 2009 . p. 4. Homeless Youth. June 2008. guinea pig alinement for the Homeless. 29 Apr. 2009. .McKinney-Vento Act. National Coalition for the Homeless. June 2008. 6 Apr. 2009. .McKinney-Vento Reauthorization. Apr. 2009. Nat ional Alliance to EndHomelessness. 29 Apr. 2009 http//www.endhomelessness.org/section/policy/legislature/mckinney_vento.Summary of the HEARTH Act, as Passed. Homeless Assistance Reauthorization National insurance policy Update September 2008. 21 Oct. 2008. National Alliance toEnd Homelessness. 23 Feb. 2009 . Path PDF File. Homeless Children Essay -- Child Homelessness, 2014IntroductionIn the United States, 1.5 million children are homeless. 1.5 million children are without adequate shelter, nourishment, healthcare, or education. When a child is homeless, it is not just a house that they are without. They are more likely than other children to experience hunger, constant illness, mental disorders, and developmental delays.1 Being homeless negatively affects a childs overall welfare and ability to thrive within their community throughout their childhood and into their adulthood. It impedes their ability to live a healthy life and gain an adequate education, as chi ldren who are homeless face far more obstacles, such as increased health risks and lack of educational opportunities, than children who arent homeless. They are less likely to be able to contribute to society, as less than a quarter of homeless children graduate or receive well-paying jobs, making them trapped in a life of poverty. Child homelessness is the perfect portrait of poverty. Children are deprived of their basic needs shelter, food, safety, and other resources which are required for any individual to rise out a lifetime of poverty. In the United States, it is every individuals human right to have their basic needs fulfilled the government and the U.S. community need to ensure that those rights are being applied to all people in order to create a more flourishing and prosperous society. In an effort to solve the problem of child homelessness, the U.S. government has implemented legislature to provide funding and support for services to the homeless, including provisions under the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001. However, it is not enough. To help homeless children overcome the obstacles of homelessness, such as poor healthcare and education, and put an end to child homelessness the United States government must actively ensure that the problem of child homelessness is being answered. By implementing and following through with the provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which increase the services and funding as included in the McKinney-Vento Act, the U.S. will be making greater strides towards ending homelessness all together. The legislature must also pass the HEARTH Act of 2009 as the reauthorization of the amendment of the McKinney-Vento Act and consider the Homeless Children and Youth Act of 2009 and other legislation... ...ition for the Homeless. June 2008. 5 Apr. 2009 .Education Pays... Bureau of Labor Statistics. 6 Mar. 2009. United States Department of Labor. 29 Apr. 2009 .Hart-Shegos, Ellen. Homelessness and i ts Effect on Children. Ed. Anne Ray. Dec. 1999. Family Housing Fund. 5 Apr. 2009 . p. 4. Homeless Youth. June 2008. National Coalition for the Homeless. 29 Apr. 2009. .McKinney-Vento Act. National Coalition for the Homeless. June 2008. 6 Apr. 2009. .McKinney-Vento Reauthorization. Apr. 2009. National Alliance to EndHomelessness. 29 Apr. 2009 http//www.endhomelessness.org/section/policy/legislature/mckinney_vento.Summary of the HEARTH Act, as Passed. Homeless Assistance Reauthorization National Policy Update September 2008. 21 Oct. 2008. National Alliance toEnd Homelessness. 23 Feb. 2009 . Path PDF File.

Electricity Policy Reform and Responsible Government in India Essay exa

With many different religious, ethnic, and complaisant groups, the Republic of India is a unique and diverse state. Since gaining independence, India has faced a challenge of supporting the variegated people within its borders to embrace and celebrate a common Indian identity even while nurturing their distinct cultures and traditions. This diversity is reflected throughout social and political challenges in Indian society. Although the different federal states are given a certain amount of leeway to accommodate for the populations heterogeneity, the primaeval organisation maintain a great amount of power for purpose of holding the nation together. As India has developed, one of its focuses has been the energy sector and increasing Indian citizens access to electricity. The government has historically carried a large influence over Indias vital electricity sector,. Electricity is a concurrent subject chthonic the Constitution, falling under the purview of both the central government and the states. Whether by influencing the electricity sector through private companies collaborating with the central government or playing localizely through state-owned companies and bureaucracies, India has maintained a large degree of centralized control over the electricity sector. Since passing the Energy Conservation Act of 2001, the government has pursued a national policy of increasing Indian electricity independence and access. In order to meet these goals, India has used state-owned enterprises and bureaucratic institutions to maintain direct control over the sector. However, the Electricity Act of 2003 reformed Indias electricity policy, allowing for more electricity sector privatization and fewe... ...ar, Shailesh. UP Farmers Continue Protest over republic Acquisition by Reliance. Down To Earth. N.p., 15 Feb. 2007. Web. 11 May 2014.Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill. StudyMode.com, 01 January 2014. Web. 11 May 2014.Mona Sur and Dina Umali-Deininger, Public Expenditures and Subsidies in Indian Surface Irrigation Who Benefits, paper presented at Water Week 2003, conference organized by World Bank, Washington, DC, 4-6 March 2003. Web. May 15, 2014.Tongia, Rahul. The Political Economy of Indian Power Sector Reforms, pp. 109-174 in D.G. Victor and T.C. Heller, (eds.) 2007, Reforming Electric Power Markets in Developing Countries Politics, Law and Institutions. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. March 2007. Web. 11 May 2014.United Nations. Population and live Statistics Report. January 1, 2013. Web. May 15, 2014.

Industrial Music :: essays research papers

industrial MusicRock and roll is dead. Its a fact. During the eighties romp of technoand fashion bands, people forgot all about it. In the late eighties and earlynineties alternative medicinal drug tried to save rock and roll, but it was too big of acategory. If a band didnt sing province or buffet, they were consideredalternative. Every alternative band had their own idea of music, and it allspread apart, running farther away from rock. Finally, when alternative became more(prenominal) defined and stony-broke off into categories, one specific type of alternativeoffspring, industrial music, made the best attempt in a decade to revive thelong bury era of rock and roll. The only problem with this new rock isthat it was angered from being forgotten for over a decade and now its back,filled with angst and hatred. Industrial music has weaved rock and roll withevil and misery.The founder and leader of the industrial revolution is the band Nine InchNails. Most people do not classify N ine Inch Nails as a band though. Thewriter, producer, lead vocalist, keyboarder and guitarist of the band is TrentReznor. For the past two years, Trent has been the artist of the year in tumblemagazine and NIN has been the number two band of the year. In 1994, Nine InchNails was announced MTVs band of the year. This was a great honor because MTVspends most of its time with rap and hip-hop. When NINs first album came outin 1989, it was mostly rock and roll with a techno twist, containing songs fullof depressing, suicidal lyrics. Then as the next two albums arose, Trentbecame more evil with his music, using machines and pretty much anything hecould find that would make his music sound angered and irritated. This hard,twisted music, backed up by speech of pure hatred started the industrial ballrolling.One band that has tried to lighten up industrial just a tad is KMFDM, aGerman industrial band. The band name stands for Klein Mitlied Fuhr DasMerhiet, which is Little pity for the tyran ny. Instead of using the suicidal,evil lyrics, KMFDM has used their music as more of a philosophiccommunication. They sing about how screwed up they think the world is and howmuch we are controlled by people we didnt know existed. The lyrics may sounddepressing still, but the music is a little more upbeat. KMFDM got rid of thetortured machine sounds and added horns and synthesizers, making the musicsound more digital and less like grinding gears.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers

Have you ever thought process round what life would be like if Hitler had win WWII? Just think about not being able to choose the job of your choice or not being able to express your feelings about the organization. Those are just two of the many freedoms that would have been lost if the U.S. would have lost the war. The obligate 1984 gives a view of what life would be like if we lived under(a) a totalitarianism government.     The story 1984 is about Winston Smith an average person who lives on airstrip one and only(a) in Oceania, which used to be London, England. The ruling government of Oceania is IN SOC, which is a totalitarianism government. The author George Orwell wrote this book to warn people about the negative effects of a totalitarianism government.     In the first variance of the book, it tells about Winstons job changing the past and present news for the government. Winston belongs to the outer-party and is suppose to lov e Big Brother who is the ruler of Oceania. The official language developed by the government, which is spoke in Oceania is Newspeak. Oceania is constantly at war with the brotherhood, which allows Big Brother to stay in power. Winstons rebellion against Big Brother starts in section one with him writing in a diary, which is not allowed in Oceania. Later in section one he has sex with Julia who is in like manner an outer-party member and having sex is also illegal in Oceania.     In the second section of the book Winston has a love affair with Julia. The two of them continue to break the laws of Big Brother and the thought police, which is the police core of Oceania, begin to catch on to Winston and Julia. Winston also meets OBrien who works for Big Brother and is spying on Winston and Julia.      In the third section of the book is when the climax of the book takes place. Winston and Julia were caught by the Thought Police because of their a cts against Big Brother. OBrien then takes Winston to room 101, which contains in it a persons worst fears. For Winston his worse fear is rats because when he was a kid he saw his mom lying dead in a field with rats all over her. In room 101 is where the climax of the book takes place when Winston yells out, "do it to Julia.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: essays research papers

Have you ever thought close what life would be like if Hitler had won WWII? Just think about not being able to choose the job of your choice or not being able to express your feelings about the government. Those are just twain of the many freedoms that would have been lost if the U.S. would have lost the war. The book 1984 gives a view of what life would be like if we lived under a monocracy government.     The tale 1984 is about Winston Smith an average person who lives on airstrip one in Oceania, which used to be London, England. The ruling government of Oceania is IN SOC, which is a totalitarianism government. The author George Orwell wrote this book to warn people about the negative effects of a totalitarianism government.     In the first section of the book, it tells about Winstons job ever-changing the past and present news for the government. Winston belongs to the outer-party and is suppose to love Big Brother who is the ruler of Oceania. The official language developed by the government, which is spoke in Oceania is Newspeak. Oceania is evermore at war with the brotherhood, which allows Big Brother to stay in power. Winstons rebellion against Big Brother starts in section one with him writing in a diary, which is not allowed in Oceania. Later in section one he has sex with Julia who is also an outer-party member and having sex is also illegal in Oceania.     In the second section of the book Winston has a love affair with Julia. The two of them continue to break the laws of Big Brother and the thought police, which is the police core of Oceania, dumbfound to catch on to Winston and Julia. Winston also meets OBrien who works for Big Brother and is spying on Winston and Julia.      In the third section of the book is when the climax of the book takes place. Winston and Julia were caught by the Thought Police because of their acts against Big Brother. OBrien then takes Winston to room 101, which contains in it a persons worst fears. For Winston his worse fear is rats because when he was a kid he power saw his mom lying dead in a field with rats all over her. In room 101 is where the climax of the book takes place when Winston yells out, "do it to Julia.

Philosophical Perspectives on Music Education Essay

medicine is one subject that is very r bely disposed(p) attention in the academe. The some controversial issue that is attached to this is whether or non music should be taught in schools, or why music should be taught, for that matter. Contrary to what most sight believe, music rearing is an imperative role of school-age child growth (Davidson, 1932). This issue has resulted to the perceived need to change public opinion. Several music advocacies which come in m whatever forms were established, seeking to change this mindset that slew have about music education.Most music advocacies be based on legitimate findings and scientific arguments, although many former(a)s rely on unconvincing and earlier controversial data. It should be noted that students should be exposed to music so that they are cap commensurate to communicate and understand their aver feelings (Zbikowski, 2002). Arts, whether it be visual or audio every last(predicate)ows us to have an insight to our emotio nal self and cultivates the growth of intra ad hominem and interpersonal intelligence. In colleges, music education is usually one of the densest subjects.Although some schools and organizations support incorporation of manities in classes, such as music with other subjects such as Math, Science, or English, people still fail to see the enormousness of arts in the academics (Zbikowski, 2002). For many people, academic subjects should go beyond what is best for the students to learn. It should excessively incorporate things that will help students cultivate the need to learn. Music has interpreted the biggest cut on the academeit has not been given importance as it should be.In this paper, the philosophical perspectives of three authors will explain why music is among the most chief(prenominal) subjects that should be taught in schools and why there is a need to do so. Charles Fowler Charles Fowler believes that by means of artistic re launchings such as music, people are able to share, at some point, a common compassionateity. In the same manner, life would be meaningless without shared expressions which identify people understand one another. He in addition very firmly believes that Science is not the only conveyor of what we may consider true.Science may be able to explain how flowers hot flash or how humans are conceived, notwithstanding it fails to convey its emotive meaning and impact, as the Arts does. He emphasizes that both are important, and that both should be given importance (Fowler, 1996). He considers Arts such as music as an act of intelligence and should be treated no less compared to other subjects as it is a form of thought that is every bit as important as science and mathematics when it comes to what these subjects convey.Inasmuch as the pyramids of Egypt, the Statue of Liberty, and the Hanging Garden of Babylon can be mathematically or scientifically explained as to how they were built, a musical piece can also show people many other hithertoly important aspects of its existence. Arts allow us to create our own representation to concepts, conceits and feelings as perceived by people. In the same manner, music was created for us to be able to react to the world in the form of music, to record our impressions and to analyze things and share them with other people. Like science and mathematics, music needs to be studied onwards being fully understood (Fowler, 1996).Because todays schools are understood to be hited as they should be to teaching literacy, it should be noted that literacy also includes understanding of music. This is because music allows us to fully express, represent, and communicate the full scale of human life, which is a pre-requisite to understanding the real essence of language, mathematics, science, economics, philosophy, and the list could go on and on. If one is asked, What constitutes a good education? one is expected to hear an answer which would mention about a full knowledge a bout Sciences and Math. true(a) enough, this is very critical in a persons life if he aims to have a place in the work force. Very fewer would also argue with that. However, this idea should not and never make us overlook how important music is and what it can do for the mind and spirit of people (Fowler, 1996). Fowler believes that school administrators, teachers, professors and educators should be reminded that one obligation that a school has for their students is to inspire them, in whatever way, and ignite their minds for them to be better individuals. Music often ignites that end and serves as the fuel.It is one way to apply ones imaginations, thoughts and feelings. In relation to the reform movement of America which focuses on improving the quality of education by inspiring them, introducing self discipline, discovering the joys of learning, the uniqueness of ones being, the possibilities and wonders of life and the achievement and satisfaction, Fowler believes that arts ca n be used to attain these goals (Henry, 1958). He also emphasizes that the world does not need better and more arts education simply because the world needs more artists.He believes that there are distant better reasons for schools to provide a healthy and in-depth education in Arts. Quite simply, this is one way people communicate with each other, although not generally verbally, but emotionally. Music is the language of the world which helps people express fear, anger, anxiety, curiosity, hunger, hopes, dreams and so on. Music is the universal language by which the world is able to express itself to its constituents the world speaks through music. Music is not just importantFowler believes that it is a center force of human existence.Arts in school should never be isolated from any other subjects in the academe. It should be included in the framework of general education and should be part of the syllabus of all American schools, or all schools in the world for that matter. Arts should at all times be related to general education because it is essential in establishing a strong curriculum. every(prenominal) person should then be given the opportunity to learn as much as they can about arts (Fowler, 1996).Charles LeonhardLeonhard believes that although it is an easy task for educators to make their students love music, they should still consider finding ways to make music education more effective and enjoyable. He discussed that there is a raising concern for higher standards of music education. For instance, students nowadays are more informed about music, which is why educators should also adapt to this by teaching higher standards of musical literary productions and musical performances, and using better musical instruments that will best fit the taste of students and will thus inspire them to learn more about music.By doing so, he stresses out that school administrators all over the world will be inspired to make music education as an equal part of th e general education (Elliot, 1995). He was also concerned about music being part of everyones lives. As the motto of music educators has for years been Music for every child and every child for music, this applies that every child and youth should be taught to love music, regardless the degree of understanding or giving in music they have.Just as this is important, he also believes that the music teaching should be on the same footing to that of the regular academic subjects and should be made functional, instead of treating it like a fad. Leonhard feels that now is the time to firmly establish music in the school curriculum, to gain increased acceptance of the idea that music should be an essential part of general education for everyone. Achievement of this ambition requires an expanded range of communication between music educators and all other educators, plus the interested public.It is only by a wider sharing of ideas that changes can occur. To achieve this, a very sensible ap proach has been used. This approach is placing ideas about the determine of music education in a broader context of ideas about education in general and of building relationships between the intellectual resources of music educators. This is surely advisable, even necessary. Nevertheless there are difficulties in this variety show of operation. Estelle Jorgensen Estelle Jorgensen contested many philosophers who treated music as a difficulty, and who considered music not to be part of the general education.Jorgensen sees the importance of having people be aware of the need to understand, appreciate and use music for one to apply it in his or her normal life. The arts then have a potential contribution to the general education, as it has in general life. While school subjects often included music, arts were not always present. She believes that most people fail to see the importance of arts in the reality of life, and what difference it does to the world.For instance, love in itsel f is art the human body is an art everything around us is an art, yet many fails to understand and realize this fact. In American schools where there is willingness on the part of the authorities to associate a reasonable amount of time to music, she believes that work in appreciation is sometimes undertaken. But to accomplish anything systematic and lasting, teachers would have to be content to dishonour the problem in a less spectacular manner than commonly maintains in our schools.In view of the experience which precedes this work, the study of music appreciation in the high school should begin at the beginning and be satisfied to cover comparatively little ground. There are, moreover, three requisites without which any course of this kind would be practically worthless. First, the teacher must be a reasonably well-educated musician, possessing knowledge of the subject far more extensive than that required by his immediate work, and an acquaintance with other branches of educat ion such as would enable him to draw parallels between music and other fields of learning.He should have, too, a highly cultivated taste, and a faith in the capacity of youth to perceive and enjoy beauty without the aid of sugar-coated musical palliatives or sensational devices which are calculated to enhance interest, but which, in reality, distract attention from the music itself. And last, the illustrations should offer as nearly as possible a true presentation of the work under discussion. She believes that music should be thought in an ideal way for it to be appreciated (Rogers, 1998). ConclusionLike other subjects in the curriculum of American schools, the arts provide an opportunity for children to realize certain talents and potentials. Particularly in their creative modes, the arts ask students to reach inside themselves to explore their own fascinations and perceptions and to give them suitable and precise representation. In the process of translating their inner discernme nts and revelations into a symbolic form, children discover and develop their capabilities and uncover some of their human possibilities.Because they are so personal in what they require of each would-be artist, the arts can disclose important insights and impart crucialand practical-habits of thought that are generally not taught as well through other subjects (Swanwick, 1996). Among the three philosophers, Charles Fowler had much to say about Arts being an essential part of a schools curriculum. It is precisely because the creative act flows from the inside out rather than the outside in that it helps youngsters discover their own resources, develop their own attributes, and realize their own personal potential.Education generally does not do this. That is, usually students are told, Here is the way the world is, rather than asked, What do you think the world is or index be? Through the process of refining their own personal visions, students discover and develop their own intel lectual resources. Because the arts ask students to determine their own abilities, they are self motivating. They propel and stimulate, fascinate and captivate because they engage students personally with their true inner selves, not some concept of self imposed from outside.All human beings want to know what they can do. By having to draw on their own ideas, students discover and explore their own cognitive capacities (Swanwick, 1988). All three authors, Fowler, Leonhard and Jorgensen had similar views on music education. The three agreed that music should be treated as a vital part of student education. Just who is responsible for educating the next multiplication in the arts the schools, other agencies, or a combination of both?Each community is responsible for providing opportunities to its youth to ensure that they will be adequately educated in the arts. How those responsibilities are carried out differs from one community to the next. In those communities with few cultural r esources, the schools must assume the primary responsibility. In urban and suburban communities that have access to museums, arts centers, and living artists of all kinds, the responsibility can and should be shared between the schools and the community.

Case: Walter Hundhausen Gmbh

Size up Germ alls foundry Industry? Is WH nearly positi iodined in it now and in the future?The beginning of the invigorated millennium has presented Walter Hundhausen (WH) with a big hurdle to jump. The German economy is experiencing economic stagnation, an aging population and a German labour commercialise that is filled with many intrusive brass regulations. The German economy has been ontogenesis at an average rate of 0.6 portion per year for the last 4 years making it one of the slowest growing economies in the Euro Zone.However, studys suggests in 2004, the domestic economy is evaluate to grow above 2 percent. More over, one-third of Germanys economy is comprised of exports. In acting a Pest Analysis (see Diagram 1 below), there atomic exit 18 many macro factors f on the whole uponing the German Foundry Industry.MACRO FORCESThe acronym stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technological concerns that could affect the strategic development of the dramatis per sonae foundry effort in Germany. By identifying PEST influences it helps gage the external environment in which the cast foundry perseverance operates. PoliticalStrict Layoff Regulations Government regulations had strict policies in place on how organizations could layoff employees. Before employees were laid-off, focal point had to advise the Works Council and they had to agree to the nature and timing of the plan. In addition, the management team had to develop a social plan for each employee on how the layoff would affect them and what remedies the organization would put in place for them. If asocial plan was not presented, employees could claim for compensation through the courts. This could prove to be costly in time, money and reputation.National Bargaining on Wages The current German industrial trans exertion policy was based on a duel model. One part dealt with the collective dicker, while the other dealt with code enclosureination. The collective bargaining agreement d ealt with minimums and maximums, with respect to advantage and salaries and wricking hours. Codetermination was an actual Act or Law that provided labourers in Germany with three levels of representation Supervisory Board, Works Council and Labour Director. However, in the end, all collective bargaining agreements could be adjusted and then ratified through this process.Social Market Economy The political climate in the country is based on the social market economy, where employers and unions perished as partners to better the organization as a whole. However, in existingity, the balance of power lay in the hands of the union. Unions treatd national and regional wages and hours of trading operations in addition, they also negotiated remunerative time-off. In 2004, the average individual worked 1,542 hours. The standard legislated work week was set at 60 hours with a minimum paid leave of 24 days. That translates to 2,832 hours per year. Despite the legislation, the average in dividual worked 54 percent less than was legislated in 2004.Ordnung Principal This is Germanys version of the Triple Bottom Line, where economy, corporation and the establishment all participate in the mechanism for workers democracy. New Environmental Legislation The government imposed a new ecological tax in 2000 that focuse on waste reduction as opposed to waste recycling. This added cost in the form of time and money to the WH casting process. From an economic perspective, the government wanted the pains to focus on the externalities and slash them or remove them totally.EconomicalDomestic Growth The last three years (2001 to 2004), the German economy was growing at an average rate of 0.6 percent per year. Germany had been experiencing the slowest growth in the Euro zone. This affected many organizations in Germany, particularly mid-sized companies that were not big enough to fully habituate economies of scale. Future Growth The economy in Germany has been slated to grow ar ound 2 percent for the year 2004.This represent an increase of 1.4 percent over the previous year and that may notseem big, but relatively speaking that is a 233% increases from year over year. Increase in Value of the Euro Another concern at the macro level is the appreciation of the Euro against other currencies, most notably the American dollar. As the Euro increased, the cost of WHs products also increased. However, the opportunity to purchase at a set out price scrap iron and steel from non-European countries has also increased. As the Euro appreciates in value, it can now purchase raw materials at a pull discomfit cost.SocialAging Population The current labour shortage in Germany is creating a nightm atomic number 18 in the casting industry. In order to attract and retain employees, organizations were paying a premium over scheduled tariffs. These costs were substantial, as many companies were running multiple shifts in order to keep up with demand. Reduction in regular Em ployment The current macro environment suggests a reduction in the number of full-time resources, because of the steep labour costs. However, because of the aging population, its becoming increasingly difficult to find qualified workers.Sounds counter intuitive a reduction of full-time staff to cut costs, but many companies in the industry ar paying premiums over scheduled tariffs in order to keep their current workforce. Strong Social Employment Contracts The Germany foundry industry has a strong custom contract scheme, where employers are responsible for the well organism of their workers. The contract is enforced by the Works Council and the Labour Director who is part of the origination. Their main objective is to settle down disputes through intensive informal contacts.Strong Union Presence The dual model in the industry consists of a collective bargaining agreement and codetermination. This dual system gives the unions a strong position within the foundry industry. Their presence has lead to numerous bouts of conflict with management when negotiating collective agreements and in some cases these disagreements lead to spacious and bitter strikes.TechnicalAbove Average R&D Investment R&D is a major competent in the casting foundry industry. R&D produces better products and above all reduces costs through the automation of the casting process. Moreover, by being a Tier 1 supplier, customers are expecting better products and lower costs year overyear. Frequent Technology Changes In the casting process, technology changes occur frequently, in order to maintain lower sand-to-metal ratios and scrap ratios. Largest European Foundry Being the queen-sizedst casting foundry in Europe, economies of scale can have significant cost savings, as the organization can purchase large amounts of scrap iron and steel.Close Proximity to Clients By being close to customers, shipping costs and delivery times are reduced substantially giving the local casting foundry a cost advantage over their big distance competitors. Efficient Sand Casting Process The casting process is super integrated and labour intensive. By having a disjointed process, the cost of the process go away be high and the products produced would be of an inferior quality. A process that is tightly controlled and automated will reduce unnecessary waste and cut costs in the form of wages and raw material.MICRO FORCESBelow are the specific micro forces that will influence how WH reacts to the environmental exits assessed above.SupplyThe cost of raw materials was increasing 23 percent year over year (see Diagram 2 below). Raw materials have been the hotshot most expensive cost to WH. Diagram 3 below, illustrates the cost of raw materials to revenues and the cost of wages and salaries to revenues. As for wages and salaries, they have been holding steady. Moreover, the curve seems to be downward sloping (see Diagram 3, below).Total revenues have been increasing steadily since 20 01 with a significant increase occurring in 2004 (see Diagram 4, below).Year over Year Increase in Revenues2001 2002 2003 2004Total Revenues 97 99 103 1172.06% 4.04% 13.59%However, in 2004, the index price of scrap iron and steel has been averaging around 191.00, that is a 43 percent increase, year over year. The trend seems to be heading higher, potentially breaking the 250.00 barrier (see Diagram 5, below).Average 81.25 99.91667 99.91667 111.5 133.75 191.25CompetitionCompetition from non-OEM organizations was growing. However, customers today are much sophisticated and assure that quality plays an important role in the decision to purchase a product versus purchasing a product on price alone. The real threat will descend from organizations in the casting industry from Eastern European that will eventually become tier 1 suppliers. One of the challenges facing WH is the current workforce in Germany. WH has been experiencing a high degree of absence due to leaves and sick days.The above graph (see Diagram 6) illustrates by subdivision where the greatest number of absences are occurring. The stars indicate the average per department and in 2004, there was an increase in the number of absences in Core Marketing, Finishing and Heat Treatment. Finishing can be explained because of the nature of the work itself. It is one of the most difficultparts of the casting process. Some of the other notable information to mention, is when the automated casting process is operating efficiently, sick days and leaves are kept to a minimum.For example, pouring and melting in 2003 experienced numerous mechanical problems, thus the department experienced a higher level of absences as opposed to 2004, when the process was operating with little interruptions, sick days and leaves decreased substantially. Moreover, for the first 6 months of 2004, the average cost of the total days off work amounted to 3.39 million, which represents 8.7 percent of the overall conjunctions revenues (see Diagram 7, below).DemandThe biggest threat facing WH is their ability to reduce costs. Their customers are demanding lower prices and the organization has been responding, by investing firmly in R&D to improve the casting process. However, if they do not get the costs of the casting process under control, they will not be able to meet the increasing demand from the motor fomite industry. The motor vehicle industry in 2004 purchased a total of 68% of the total industrys output. Diagram 8, below illustrates the percentage increase or decrease year over year by industry and the tonnage sold by industry. Clearly, the industry that has been adding value to WH has been the motor vehicle industry. On average, over the last three years, the motor vehicle industry has increased 13 percent.If the motor vehicle industry continues on their current growth path, by the end of 2005, WH will have reached correct capacity of 95,000 tonnes per year (see Diagram 9, below). The forecast include s a 13 percent increase in motor vehicle tonnage per year and holds the other two industries with no growth or decline in tonnes required.PEST ConclusionThe up boost cost of scrap iron and steel, a stagnate Germany economy, the German labour market and its regulations are proving extremely difficult for WH to deal with. In addition, WH is reaching plant capacity and they have not been able to control rising costs to date. For the last three years, wages and raw material purchases have been well over budget. SWOT ANALYSISA SWOT analysis was completed for WH to evaluate their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (see Diagram 10, below). The analysis identifies the key internal and external factors that will hinder or help WH attain their stated goals and objectives.One of the key factors to WH success was their ability to understand their customers business needs and create new products for them. This was one area in the casting foundry industry that separated WH from t heir competitors WH was and still is Best in Class, when it comes to product innovation. One area of improvement would be to eliminate or reduce the number of products that have low margins.By producing these low margin products, WH is tying up valuable resources both in time, money and material. One of the greatest threats WH will take chances is the surging casting foundries from Eastern European countries, such(prenominal) as Spain, Turkey and Poland. Currently, many of the Eastern European organizations either small or big are not OEM rated. However, with time and additional enthronement dollars, these organizations will be able to compete against WH on price.PORTERS FIVE FORCESOne final assessment was completed to determine the favourableness or attractiveness of the casting foundry industry in Germany. By utilizing Porters Five Force model, a more realistic assessment of the competitive aspiration that exists in the market can be determined. This will give WH insight as to the attractiveness of the industry and determine what course of action (if any) is required.The analysis understandably demonstrated that the industry is highly profitable (see Diagram 11, above). The Barriers to Entry are high, making it difficult for organizations to enter. Entry requires a high initial capital investing and ongoing R&D dollars. Moreover, the bargaining power of the Buyer is Low, because switching costs are high. Substitutes products are available, but in the motor vehicle industry highly unlikely to be used.Thebargaining power of Suppliers is strong, because there is strong union presence and the raw material is based on world append and demand prices. In short, the competitive rivalry within the Casting Foundry Industry is high, suggesting that the industry is profitable. Furthermore, with high exist barriers, because of the high fixed costs, it makes it extremely difficult to exit the industry, and thus remaining organizations will continue to suffer and lose more market share.Question 1AIs WH well positioned in it now and in the future? non with their current casting process. Clearly, WHs core competency lies in their ability to produce exactly what the customer needs and then takes that knowledge one trample further by producing new products that customers ends up wanting WH creates demand for their new more profitable products. Moreover, WH links their internal logistical and informational systems with their customers. Basically, WH becomes an extension of their customers. The future for WH would be to outsource some non core activities of their value chain to 3rd parties in the casting foundry industry perhaps in Eastern Europe, such as Poland, where wages are less and employment is more bountiful.In conclusion, with the current trends in the casting foundry industry, where growth is expected to increase 2% per year in tonnage and 3% per year in value, WH does not have the current structure to capitalize on this growth opportunity. Pricing has also become an issue and they are move to go head to head with their customers and asking them to pick up the additional surcharges on the price of scrap steel and iron. Moreover, with the additional investment in R&D, costs have not decreased. Revenues have been steadily rising, but so have costs and costs have outpaced revenues. This is evident, as WH is expected to lose 6 million in 2004, making it the worst loss in the companys 4 year history.Question 2Is the alternative that WHs management called strategic change really strategic? Justify you answer.In order to justify the answer, one must first define what strategic change is. gibe to Joseph N. Fry, one of the authors of strategic Analysisand Action he suggests that it is a tool for building, communicating and maintain the fashion of the business. As for Lawrence G. Hrebiniak, he suggests that strategic change is all about execution. In his book, Making Strategy Work, he suggested that without a careful, plann ed approach to execution, strategic goals cannot be attained.Albeit, in both examples above, little reference is do to the actual strategy, but in reality both authors agree that the strategy is important, but the execution of the strategy is key to success. An analogy that can be used to illustrate their point of view would be a golfer that needs to fade a shot around a tree. The strategy has been set, the trajectory of lump flight has been visualized wind and all other factors have been taken into consideration. Whats left is the actual striking of the ball. However, if the golfers core competency is to hit a draw, rather than a fade, the strategy has little to do with the result of the execution.One of WH alternative is to shut down Line 2, reduce employment by 114 workers and increase sales through a radical marketing campaign that started in 2003. However, the radical marketing campaign emphasizes a differentiation strategy as opposed to a price strategy as indicated by Klaa s. The key to their current success is WHs ability to understand their customers business needs and create specific casting moulds for them. In addition, WH has been able to develop new products with higher margins for their customers and then sell those products back to their customers push marketing.By adopting a low cost strategy, rivals in the industry will eventually out price WH and take market share away from them. One of the reasons why WH can be out priced in the market is that their main competitors from Eastern Europe, such as Poland, have a much lower wage structures. To conclude, WHs alternative does not fit the traditionalistic definition of a strategic change. After reviewing the data and the definition, the answer remains a resolute no. The reason for the decision is that strategic change must take into consideration other aspects of the organization.The changes suggested by Klaas will not delivery the strategy in a controlled manner that is efficient and effective to implement. Strategic management is not about delivering one single project or addressing one particular issue, but a process that governs the entire organization and how the entireorganization is affected by the strategic change (see Diagram 12, above). The so called alternative strategic change in the end will not deliver any real value to the organization, thus further suggesting that this is not a strategic change. Strategic change at the end of the day must deliver real value, not perceived value.In Germany that value takes on the form of a stakeholder, rather than a shareholder. Thus, by patently focusing on profits and ignoring the human costs of the layoffs, WH will not execute this strategy with any conviction or success. Both Fry and Hrebiniak realize that the process is complicated and contains many moving parts. In short, there is no magic bullet. Simply cutting workers and installing automated processes does not guarantee costs reductions and increased revenues.Quest ion 3How much flexibility did the company have in dealing with its problem?The reality of the situation is that WH only had perceived flexibility. With economic stagnation, an aging population, tight employment regulations and a shortage of workers, WH has expressage flexibility in being able to deal with the problem. Moreover, with the increase in tariffs, raw materials and energy, WH has even less flexibility in addressing their current problem. WH was able to negotiate concessions with the Works Council however, the concessions came with a hefty price. The Works Councils goal was to save jobs in the short term for the promise of better pay in the long term. Thus, WH was able to negotiate special agreements to break the current collective agreement.WH negotiated for more free hours, less pay and forgone holidays and vacation pay, but had no control over dismissals and working exemptions the Works Council held the balance of power in these two categories. For example, if employment dropped below 570 permanent employees, the regional tariff rates would come into effect and they did. The Works Councils position for long term better pay may present a problem with a few of the alternatives being suggested by WH.The Works Council may not approve any of the alternatives that involve significant layoffs and pay reductions. These alternatives are in direct conflict with their own goals and objectives. In conclusion, perceived flexibility is much different than actual flexibility. WH may think they can suggest an alternative thatmakes sense for them, but the reality is that without buy in from the Works Council, the strategy will surely fail to execute.Question 4What could management do to address the problem?WH management must develop a Strategic Management Process. The new strategic management process is to be undertaken by the executives at WH and GMH. The executives will review and interpret the Germany foundry industry and determine the direction for WH. At this point in the process the executives will set the Corporate Strategy (strategic direction) and priorities, while understanding and taking into consideration resources and budget constraints (see diagram 13, below).The seconds rate is to create the right Corporate Structure with the proper incentives and controls to ensure that the Corporate Strategy can be achieved. The final step is to ensure that the Business Units understand the objectives set forth and have the necessary resources in place to achieve their goals and objectives. It is the business unit who is responsible for ensuring that they have the correct skills and capabilities in place in order to achieve the Corporate Strategy. Once the strategic management process has been developed, the next critical step in the process is to formulate a well defined plan that has clear and focused goals and objectives. These goals and objectives must be measurable, attainable and realistic.Moreover, the plan must address how these achi evements will affect the overall organization, but more importantly, if the goals and objectives are not meet, what are consequences to the organization. This process must be open and transparent that will ensure that buy in will occur quickly. In conclusion, the execution of these key activities is the heart of any successful strategic management process. In addition, WH must ensure that the Works Council understands that the long term success of WH is in everyones outflank interest. The Works Councils long term goal is for better pay for its workers, without WH, their goals and objectives will never be realized.Question 5What had management make so far?Management has accomplished a lot to date. They sold WH to GMH who had experience in purchasing distressed companies and providing them with fresh equity and motivating their work force. In addition, in 2003, WH implemented a radical marketing plan that increased revenues by approximately 13.6 % in 2004. WH invested heavily in ope rations, by trying to automate the sand casting process. WH believed that they could further reduce the operating costs by automating a lot of the high touch processes.WH has also outsourced the finishing process, as this is one of the most costly processes in the sand casting process. WH hired a consultant by the name of Knight Wendling who was hired to improve productiveness and reduce costs. His first mandate was to get customer to pay a scrap surcharge and eliminate unprofitable products. By the middle of 2004, 91 percent of customers were paying the surcharge and he eliminated 5,000 tonnes of products that were generating low constituents. Finally, in 2004 WH made some major changes to their current management structure and sent out a new message to their workers, that management was looking for fresh ideas that would make a difference.Question 6What actions were left open to WHs management and would they make sense?One action that was left open was continuing with the Radical Marketing Plan that WH started in 2003. The marketing plan would continue to increase sales by 8.2 million and contribution by 5.2 million in 2005. However, one of the major issues with this action was that costs were also increasing and the increase in revenues and contributions was being offset by the rising cost of scrap iron and steel and wages. The rising costs, coupled with WHs increase in prices were opening the doors to some of their direct competitors in Eastern Europe, such as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic.This plan would only make sense if they could get the Works Council to increase the number of hours that employees could work and reduce the minimum number of workers required, before tariffs are enforced. Moreover, this approach would make sense, if WH could convince the Works Council that their short term objective to keep as many employees aspossible is really going to hurt their long term goal of better pay for their workers. If WH and the Works Council co uld overlook their short term objectives and focus on their long term objectives, everyone would be better off.Question 7How could it pursue the remaining actions?WH could simply divest the entire operations and payout the 15.3 million owed to the workers ( 25,000 * 612 workers). However, this may not be in the best interest of the entire organization as an environmental assessment must be completed before the land gets rezoned. Worst case scenario, if the land is grime the purchaser may request that the seller clean the land before title change and this could cost GMH considerable money.The opportunity cost of closing down the plant would be the 15.3 million, thus the company could take that money and reinvest it into WH. Currently, WH is losing 6.2 million per year, if they continue losing this amount of money, that would buy them 3 additional years and then WH could simply sell the business. WH would have to create a strategic plan that takes into consideration all the options a ssociated with investing additional capital. More so, they will need buy in from the Works Council. Without their buy in strategic plans will prove useless.

Potential Of Coconut Water as Source of Electricity Essay

One of the major(ip) troubles in our country is aptitude shortage. on that point argon many methods and proposals on how to conserve it such as the drug abuse of batteries. One of these is an electrolytic cell. It contains an electrolyte by means of which an externally generated electric contemporary is passed by a system of electrodes (electrically positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode the cathode) in crop to produce an electrochemical substance reaction. Such a reaction involves the transfer of electrons between two electrodes immersed in an ion- leading medium the electrolyte.A batter unit is often referred to as a cell. electrolytic cells score many practical uses, including the recovery of pure metal from alloys, the plating of one metal with an some other, and the manufacture of chlorine and sodium hydroxide.1 coconut meat (Cocos nucifera) pissing supply contains a variety of nutrients including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, ami no cuttings, enzymes, growth factors, and other nutrients. Coconut water is a good seminal fluid of the major minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium.It is f atomic number 18wellicularly sizeable in potassium, an essential nutrient one 8-ounce cup of coconut water has more potassium than a banana. It likewise contains a variety of trace elements such as atomic number 30, selenium, iodine, sulfur, manganese, boron, molybdenum, and others. These are derived from vol posterioric soils and seawater from which the coconut palms are grown. All of these minerals are in the form of electrolytes so they are easily absorbable by the human body. Many of the health gathers attributed to coconut water can be traced to its mineral content.2 With this information, the researchers decided to test if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water is feasible as an electrolyte to carry on electricity to contribute for lessening the energy shortage that we had encountered.B. Statement of the Problem This get a line aims to know if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions a. How much voltage can be obtained in the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water b. Is the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water has enough current to soften a LED crystallise and c. Is there any similarity between the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water and acetum as electrolyte in conducting electricity in ground of electrical voltage ability to light LED Light price being environment friendlyC. ObjectivesThe main objective of this study is to make use of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as an electrolyte for electrolytic cell. To support the main objective, the sub-objectives are as follows a. to know the capability of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as an electrolyte in generating electricity b. to make an alternative for expensive commercialized electrolytic cell and c. to lessen the waste because coconut water are usually just thrown ou t-of-door by the vendors. D. HypothesisThere is a significant difference between the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water use as an electrolyte and the vinegar for electrolytic cell in terms of voltage measured.E. Scope and Delimitation of the StudyThis study tho focuses on how coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. The study go away be conducted from November 2009 to August 2010 at First City Providential College Laboratory, City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan. The equipments needed were coconut water, vinegar, beakers, electrodes and the multitester. The beakers will be borrowed at the FCPCs Laboratory. The coconut water will be collected from Tungkong Mangga Wet Market. F. Significance of the StudyElectricity is not an unlimited resource but must be generated through various means. Just as a decade ago, the Philippines suffered from energy deficit. The energy supplied by the power plants did not reach the level of demand for electricity means that electricity m ust be efficiently used to avoid another crisis in the future. The problem of energy shortage is not merely a matter of building more power plants since they do not moreover offer energy solutions but withal cause environmental problems. To lessen the problem about that the researchers wants to test if coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. In this study the community and the environment will be benefit by this because it is organic and affordable. G. Review of Related LiteratureG.1 History of CoconutThe English name coconut, inaugural mentioned in English print in 1555, comes from the Spanish and Portuguese word coco, which means monkey face. Spanish and Portuguese explorers found a resemblance to a monkeys face in the trey round indented markings or eyes found at the base of the coconut. On the Nicobar Islands of the Indian Ocean, whole coconuts were used as currency for the purchase of goods until the early expound of the twentieth pennyury. Coconuts are the fruit of the coconut palm, botanically know as Cocos nucifera, with nucifera meaning nut-bearing. The fruit-bearing palms are native to Malaysia, Polynesia and southern Asia, and are now also rich in South America, India, the Pacific Islands, Hawaii and Florida. The light, fibrous husk allowed it to easily drift on the oceans to other areas to propagate.The coconut fruit has many food uses for its water, milk, meat, sugar, and oil. It also functions as its own dish and cup. The husk was burned for fuel by natives, but today a seed fiber called coir is taken from the husk and used to make brushes, mats, fishnets, and rope. A very potent fermented toddy or drink is also made from the coconut palms sap. Coconut oil, a modify fat made from dried coconut meat, is used for commercial frying and in candies and margarines, as well as in non-edible products such as soaps and cosmetics. Although it takes up to a year for coconuts to mature, the trees bloom up to thirteen times a yea r. Fruit is constantly forming, thus yielding a continuous harvest year-round. An middling harvest from one tree runs about 60 coconuts, with some trees yielding three times that amount. The coconuts name is a bit of a misnomer, since it is botanically classified as a drupe and not a nut. It is the largest seed known.3G.2 Coconut WaterPhysical PropertiesThe coconut seed contains a white, fleshy part which is edible and used fresh or dried in cooking. Coconut meat, a soft, pudding like meat provides an excellent source of lauric and caprylic fatty acids which is known for being antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, boosting the immune system and killing off intestinal worms. This meat is high in raw protein, enzyme-rich, easy to digest and contains all the essential amino acids. What makes the coconut water more effective is when we turn the water and meat from young green coconuts and ferment it with kefir grains to turn its natural sugar into a probiotic. It has shown to basify t he body very quickly so cravings for starches and sugars are replaced for cravings of healthy foods like vegetables. The young green coconut has adequate natural minerals and a high fictitious character raw protein which are valuable for growth and repair of the body. Coconut water is the liquid endosperm inside young coconuts.As the coconut matures, this liquid largely becomes negligent into the flesh found in mature coconuts. Coconut water has long been a popular drink in the tropics, especially in Tropical Asia and Trinidad and Tobago, where it is useable fresh or bottled. It is naturally fat-free and low in food energy (16.7 calories or 70 kJ per 100 g). Due to its sterility, pH, mineral, and sugar content, coconut water had been successfully used as liquid in intravenous therapy in emergency situations. Coconuts for drinking are packaged and sold in many places. These are typically Thai coconuts whose outer green husk has been removed, and the remainder wrapped in plastic. Co conut water can also be found in regular cans or tetra paks (and often with coconut pulp or coconut jelly added) and is also marketed as a sports drink because of its high potassium and mineral content, which helps the body recover from rigorous exercise. Chemical PropertiesThe cavity of the coconut is filled with coconut water containing sugars, fiber, proteins, anti-oxidants, vitamins and minerals. Young coconuts have more water and soft, gel-like meat, and mature coconuts have firm meat and less water. The coconut water provides an excellent isotonic electrolyte balance, and an exceptional nutritional food source, which is why it is used as a pleasurable drink throughout the humid tropics. Also it contains essential minerals from land and sea to adequately hydrate and nourish the body. In fact, during the Pacific and Vietnam young green coconut water was siphoned directly from the nut to give emergency plasma transfusions to wounded soldiers.4 Coconut water is more nutritious th an whole milk it has no casein and a good balance of magnesium and calcium. It is rich in Vitamin C, acts as a natural diuretic and helps faintse the liver and kidneys.It reduces problems for infants helps with GERDS, failure to thrive and other intestinal disorders such as indigestion, colitis, gastric ulcers, and diarrhea. It serves as an antioxidant, scavenging many types of destructive free radicals and protecting hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation. Chelating properties the coconut water contains gold and silver and sulphurated proteins which is authoritative to detox mercury and other heavy metals out of the cells and membranes, also it makes a certain tension on the surface which solves the heavy into a solution. Also it has certain fatty acids and sulfur holded amino acids to attach to the mercury. He said it is really water which contains a natures trick. The following are the major chemical constituents of coconut water SugarsSugars in the forms of glucose and fr uctose form an important constituent of the tender nut water. The concentration of sugars in the nut water steadily increases from about 1.5 per cent to about 5 5.5 per cent in the early months of maturation and then slowly falls reaching about 2 per cent at the stage of the full maturity of the nut. In the early stages of maturity sugars are in the form of glucose and fructose (reducing sugars) and sucrose (non-reducing sugar) appears only in subsequently stages which increases with the maturity while the reducing sugars fall. In the fully mature nut approximately 90 per cent of the total sugars are sucrose. Vitamins and MineralsTender coconut water contains most of the minerals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorous, iron, and copper, sulphur and chlorides. Among the minerals more than half is potassium the concentration of which is markedly influenced by potash manuring. Tender coconut water being rich in potassium and other minerals plays a major role to increase the urinary output. It contains both ascorbic acid and vitamins of B group. The concentration of ascorbic acid ranges from 2.2 to 3.7mg per ml, which gradually diminishes as the kernel surrounding the water begins to harden.ProteinCoconut water contains small amounts of protein. The percentage of arginine, alanine, cysteine and serene in the protein of tender coconut water are higher(prenominal) than those in cows milk. Since it does not contain any complex protein the danger of producing shock to the patients is minimized.5Analysis of Mature and Tender Coconut WaterG.3 vinegarHistory of acetumThe Babylonians used it to preserve foods and as a seasoning for their food. We have record of the Greek using it to preserve foods and Roman soldiers made a beverage used as they travelled. Not much has changed with our use of vinegar, we still use it to preserve foods and season with. The name comes from the simple compounding of 2 manner of speaking by the French and probably not uttered pl easantly. When a cask of wine got a crack in it and became exposed to air they most apt(predicate) uttered vin ..aiger .which means ..sour wine.UsesVinegar is an acid with a low ph. So many germs and virus are killed with it. Michael Mullen a spokesperson for him Heinz Corporation says that straight 5% vinegar will kill 80% of the germs and virus. Heinz says they cant make the claim on the bottle that it kills bacteria because of the EPA laws. If you do the research though you will find that the claims are sound.Here are some other ailments that people use vinegar to help heal. Relieve mild arthritis pain, cure a stick out ache, dissolving warts, relieving itching from mosquito or bug bites, soothing sunburn pains, relieving a sore throat, jelly fish stings, these are only a few, there are hundreds of applications used by many even in the health field. It is said that vinegar is also very versatile for cleaning and sanitizing. Keeping a nebuliser bottle of straight 5% distilled v inegar is useful to clean and disinfect many things. You can sanitize your cutting board and spray hard to clean kitchen appliances that have many nooks and crannies that come in contact with bacteria. Also spray on door handles, and all the bathroom fixtures to disinfect. Its odor dissipates fairly quickly. Buying distilled vinegar in a gallon bottle is very economical. Toothbrushes can be boiled for a minute in vinegar to kill germs. You can also kill molds and fungus. Spraying feet helps prevent athletes foot.6 Physical PropertiesVinegar is mainly a dilute aqueous solution of acetic acid and this is reflected in its physical and chemical properties. Its the product of two biochemical processes. These processes are alcoholic beverageic fermentation and acid fermentation. Alcoholic fermentation converts natural sugar to alcohol. Acid fermentation converts alcohol to acid via microorganisms, which are present in the air, we breathe, called acetobacter. The acid part of vinegar is wh at gives it its sour taste and its antiseptic (germ killing) properties as well as its cleaning properties. Vinegar isnt simply a dilute solution of acetic acid. Depending on the fruit or other organic starting produce and the amount of processing, it can contain varying amounts of minerals, enzymes, vitamins, fibre and other organic compounds. But these are just minor components of the vinegar, even though they are all major contributors to its flavour, colour, aroma and overall nutritional benefits.7Chemical PropertiesThe pH of vinegar depends upon how much acid is present, but most commercial distilled white vinegars contain 5% acetic acid and have a pH of about 2.4. To put that in perspective, the following table compares the pH of vinegar to some other common solutionsG.4 BatteryCharacteristicsTheres more than one way to make a battery light up several light bulbs at the same time. For example, you can connect the bulb in a kind of chain, one after another, or in series. In a series circuit the current from the battery passes through the first bulb, then through the next bulb and so on.8The battery produces the current by pushing electrons along the conducting wires, the stronger the push, the more electrons flow along the wire each second. The current heats the thin wire inside the bulb and makes it glow brightly.The strength of this push is measured in volts. The word volts comes from the name of the Italian who invented the first battery.9An electric current is a movement or flow of minute particles called electrons. Normally, electrons are attached to an atom and circle round its central nucleus in orbits- just like artificial satellites orbiting the earth.A current of electricity must have a completely unbroken path, or circuit. If we could follow a current as it flowed along a wire we should eventually arrive back at our starting point.10The electromotive force or EMF develops between the electrodes and if they are attached by a wire a current w ill flows. All such cells have a limited lifetime because the oxidation or decrement process reaches completion.The EMF of a cell depends on the chemical composition of the electrodes and the electrolyte not on how large it is. The size of a cell does, however, affect its capacity. bombastic electrodes and a large capacity- it will continue to produce current for a longer time. The current it is able to deliver depends crucially on the size and detachment of the electrodes. A cell with large electrodes close together has a low internal resistance and is consequently capable of delivering larger current.11 G.5 Related StudiesIn the bypast few decades, there has been a marked advance in the development of technology especially in the field of electromagnetism. Different ways ofconsuming and conserving of energy in our daily life such as the use of the power plants, an alternative source of energy (renewable and non-renewable energy) and also the use of batteries are all innovated. Batteries in all of the studies gives more benefit especially in times of energy insufficiency. The following are some of the studies conducted to search for a new material to conduct electricity and new alternative batteries Kamias and Tamarind as Electrolyte for Dry cell BatteriesThey used kamias and tamarind to produce electrolyte for dry cell batteries. Kamias and tamarind are citrus fruits so it contains many electrolytes. Citrus Fruits as Multi-cell Battery Citrus fruits like oranges and lemons are excellent conductors. They dont produce much energy on their own but if you utilize a few of them in a series within the circuit, you can produce enough electricity to power a light bulb. This creates a multi-cell battery, which makes the citrus fruits electricity more powerful and practical. Copper Sulfate as ElectrolyteThe electrodes used are copper and zinc. Results and findings showed that the solution generated 0.7V, that didnt light a 1.2V bulb.Potato as Source of Electricit yThe study is conducted by using potato as a source of electricity. Through copper and zinc electrodes, juices generate electricity. Results and findings showed that it generated 1.2V. But it didnt light up the miniature bulb instead, it lit up the lEd as substitute for the bulb. Sawdust as ElectricityThe meet of light-generating electricity with the used of sawdust was developed by the researchers at the N.E. Bauman Moscow State Engineering University which can generate a 10 kilowatts of electricity. The installation is not only cost-efficient. It also contributes to saving the environment. Using this model, you can generate electricity from waste-perfect for farms that never run out of vegetable waste and wood. The result in an even more economical cycle of resources, something that both a farmer and Mother Earth would appreciate. Alipuina galanga as an Electrolytefor Wet Cell BatteriesUnknown to many, langkwas (Alipuina galanga) is a highly acidic plant, with 48 percent methyl c innamate as its active ingredient. Because of its acidic properties, the researchers tested langkwas effectiveness as an electrolyte in wet cell batteries. Chapter 2MethodologyA. MaterialsThe materials used in the experimentation are coconut water, copper wire (positive electrode), and galvanized nails (negative electrode), plastic cups as containers, beakers for measurements, multitester for getting the voltage, alligator clips to connect the circuit, LED light and calculator for testing, masking tape measure to hold the electrodes and vinegar as the control.B. Procedurea. Preparations of Coconut WaterCoconuts were first collected. The water was obtained from the coconut. When the coconut water is now collected from the coconut it will be strained using a clean cloth to remove the impurities. The filtered coconut water would then serve as the electrolyte for the modified electrolytic cell. b. Preparation of the Electrolytic CellThe electrolytic cell battery used coconut (Cocos nuci fera) water as electrolyte. A pair of electrodes was placed on each beaker and connected in series circuit using the wire. Each beaker represented one electrolytic cell, and once it was connected in series with another cell, the potential difference produced increased. C. find the Potential Difference ProducedThe potential difference was measured using multitester. The positive and the negative terminals of multitester are attached to the electrodes submerged in the 200 ml electrolyte. past the reading from the multitester was recorded. D. TreatmentTo determine the feasibility of coconut (Cocos nucifera) water as electrolyte over vinegar electrolyte, eight experimental setups were prepared. The first setup had one cell the second setup had two cells the third setup had three cells the fourth setup had four cells the fifth setup had five cells the half a dozenth setup had six cells the seventh setup had seven cells and the eighth setup had eight cells. (Setup means one vinegar ele ctrolyte and one coconut ((Cocos nucifera) water as electrolyte battery). All setups differed only in the number of cells. Having different number of cells was important to be able to see the consistency of the potential difference produced by both coconut (Cocos nucifera) water and vinegar electrolytes.E. Statistical AnalysisTo know whether there are differences among the treatments, a technique called T-Test was done. This technique was used to test whether the coconut (Cocos nucifera) water can be a source of electricity. The test of the hypothesis was done at 0.05 level of significance and the critical value of 2 The null hypothesis is accepted if the T-calculated

Psychology of Human behavior Essay

Psychology is an aspect of science which basic onlyy nurture behavior and the pitying mind. The definition is a ternion of component in that it contains a scientific scope or aspect, the human behavior and the human mind. The scientific study approach each aspect of it study in a systematic approach and in an objective manner of observing the changes and the test as a whole. Behavior see the changes in what human do much(prenominal) as measuring or observing things like blinking of an eye or tachycardia which simply means increase in plaza rate.The mind is the unconscious and conscious mental aspect of humans. There has been a lot of psychological influence both in the past and present on the perception of human behavior, all of which can be attributed to the great seek and experiment conducted by different psychologist and scientist to understand human nature. In the aspect of breeding, at that place are different experiments conducted to understand what learning entails. S ome of the workings range from the experiments of the Edwards Lee Thorndike in the year 1898. He was one the state that lay the macrocosm of the new behaviorism.He conducted an experiment on the animal learning modalities where he used cats. The cats were set(p) in a cage and nutrition was then placed outside the cage. He timed the duration the cats took to learn the method of opening the cage to get to the food. He then repetitioned the experiments and later found that the cats would repeat such behavior that already worked for the cats so it can escape to get the food. With the result of the experiment he then proposed the the law of effect. Among the great works on the behaviorism is the work of the Russian Ivan Pavlov.He is a physiologist and he had won a Nobel Prize before the experiment on the behaviorism. He conducted this experiment in 1906. The experiment which was later termed or called the pavlovian or classical condition has since remained one of the most important principle of the learning and human behavior. He found out that a dog that has food repeatedly placed in its mouth will tend to salivate even if the food is placed in the dogs mouth. He then conditioned the placement of food in the dogs mouth with the ringing of the bell shape.He later discovers that if the bell is rang alone even without placing the food in the dogs mouth, the dog will eventually salivate. In this experiment, Pavlov proved that there is a type of learning where organisms tend to associate one stimulus with another. He called this the classical conditioning. Later researches had already confirmed that this learning modalities to be common in most people (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). Thorndike and Pavlov works serves as template for other developers of the theory of behaviorism.In the year 1913, a renowned psychologist at the Johns Hopkins University known as John Watson publish his research work on the animal behavior. This set a clear vision for the psychology of beh avior. Publication entitled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. With his goals to completely redefine the concept of behaviouristic psychology wrote a purely objective experimental branch of natural science (Microsoft Encarta, 2008). He encourages his other contemporaries to abandon all the speculative theories about unconsciousness.He emphasized on the importance of observing and the need also to quantify behavior. The works of John Watson encourage more American psychologists to adopt the concept of behaviorism and the use of animals for such experiments. Later there were different setting up of laboratories that with the sole purpose of studying, predicting and controlling human behavior. what the behaviorist focused on is to vary a stimulus in a specified period in time and then observe the animals response to such varied response.The psychologist of that time sees no reason why speculation should be made in regards to the site of the mental abilities. One of the Watson po int of view is of public opinion that recording of certain musculature in the oropharynx should be the order of the day and not just talking to oneself silently. In the late 1930s behaviorism was fetching to another pedestal with the works of the B. F Skinner. He was regarded as the most forceful leader of behaviorism and he coined the word reinforcement, he made an setup named the Skinner box and this he used to test the animals.He conducted the animal experiment on rats and pigeon and then identified some specific response and elbow room of learning. He argued that there is al rooms a place of reinforcement in human learning process. The reinforcement can be from within the persons vicinity. He called this process of learning the operant conditioning. B. F. Skinner experiments and point of view made him one of the most famous behaviorists of the 20th century. Operant conditioning explains the way a mouse can learn to maneuver via a maze.What Skinner did was to reward the mouse with a food when the mouse gets to the side of the first manoeuvre of the maze. So once this first part of learning is ingrained, the reward giving to the mouse is then stopped until the mouse is able to make the second scrap and after several times of moving through the maze the mouse will get to the end of it and gets its rewards. The works of Skinner was later applied in behavior modification in places like the classrooms and hospitals. With his knowledge in human behavior and learning, he later invented the first teaching machine (Microsoft Encarta, 2008).

French Revolution and Napoleonic Era Worksheet Essay

The French Revolution was a quest for liberty, and centered on state who wanted their freedom. They wanted to be treated as equal participants in the community, not as slaves for the royals or nobles. The peasants who represents more than 90% of Frances population, were work for their avow families and everyone else as they paid untold more in taxes. Brotherhood was the way of everyone coming together as one. Hubris is excessive pride in ones self, people during the French Revolution did not want to admit they were wrong for what they were doing and that they did not want less entitlement then they had. Fiscal irresponsibility was brought on by the higher debts, and taxes were raised so the government could get out of the finical hole they were in. The democracy was a rising construction of power where the politics were bragging(a) everyone the chance to be hear and to be equal. Technology at the beginning of the French Revolution was lacking, but as it continued throughout t he years it became a resource at war.Liberty was the main goal for the French people, to be free from the ridiculous work conditions they were in. The work environments for the peasants werehorrible and needed to be changed. They were workings to feed their families and the landlords. The landlords were taking both of their harvest and leaving them with no turn outg. The French government was not paying taxes and the lower class was paying twice as much to cover the royal community. They worked like slaves to barely get by and children were abused and be used to do more for less pay. Today we have freedom of speech, which is some(prenominal)thing that has not always been around. They were not able to stand up for themselves and they were discouraged from even thinking they were all(prenominal) born equal.Brotherhood was not only cohesive by each other in your community but brotherhood within the church system. Christian brotherhood was part of the fraternity, one was identifie d by the social and religious links based on their Christian brotherhood. The second sense of the fraternity was if one were to follow the path of liberty and equality as a free pact. Brotherhood was a way of life for people during the revolution it was how they were able to find a moment of peace in all the bad around them. To act toward someone with the spirit of brotherhood is to accept them as they are, and treat them as you would want to be treated. Even if the government was not doing this, the peasants and the lower class people k modern that to survive they needed each other. One person alone would die, but with people to help them along their struggle they depart survive.Hubris was a big conflict in the French Revolution, between humility and the intoxication of power napoleon was his hands full of dangerous hubris. This is a inbred human trait that can be negative if an individual was unstable at balancing humility and power while using his leadership skills for the wid e-cut of others. Hubris in history were mostly a negative, significant opportunities that fell short and completely collapsed. The consequence for hubris to occur, is when a leader gains the flaw of hubris, so the decisions and behaviors are alter perfectly when the power starts to rise within. There were many military failures that resulted from the fatal flaw of hubris, just like in the Christian religion, Eve falls predate to the temptation to take the forbidden fruit offered by the seducer. Napoleon did things without thinking of the consequences, and only wanted to make himselfhappy. Napoleon had a self-centered gratification at the expense of others, as long as he was at the top.One of the primary reasons the French Revolution began was because of the fiscal irresponsibility of the monarchy. The Clergy men paid no taxes and neither did the Nobles, as soon as they were given the name titles they were exempt from paying these for life. Since France was helping America, and sti ll in debt from the previous war, France was in debt. The harvests were bad because of the poor weather conditions, and people began to starve. Since thither was a shortage of money and food, people had to work for less and pay more. In order to make back some money, they confiscated all the church properties, to sell to the public to make extra money.Since the King was giving out money, the stock trade went up, there was relief and difficulties seemed to vanish into thin air. But, since it was money the more they printed, the lower the value of each of piece was. People blamed the rich fro saving their gold and silver, factories closed, and unemployment was on the rise. They prosecuted people who were hoarding and macrocosm greedy, they said that paper money was as good as gold. The government was the greedy one, the working class works hard for their money and they will lionize it, where the rich will buy tangibles.Democracy was on the rise during the French Revolution, all cent ered around one thing, the rights of man. One side fought for the revolutionary sensitive idea of democracy, and the other side was loyalist who were opposed to social reform and thought it would put the ancient British constitution into danger. The loyalist wanted their traditional values to be cherished like the church, social order, and the monarchy. The radicals believed in natural right, which everyone (not all women at the time) had the right to take part in politics, no weigh what social class they belonged to.The loyalist thought that if everyone had rights and could vote on who they wanted that is would be dangerous. They did not want the poor being able to have an opinion, because there were many more poor than there were rich. The thought of being out voted and outnumbered at every election was scar some. Radicals were not afraid to say what they wanted, and they were coif to fight for those rights.Lastly, technology was being developed though out this entire revolutio n making things more and more complicated. While children and families sweated in mills working there was machines that were able to in and do the same job years later. The inventions of machines and hand tools, along with the use of steam and power. That all lead to the start of factories. Although all of these changes came on gradually, it happened fast for the people who had to use these new machines. The ability to weave cloth, and make yard would have taken much more time than it took with the new machines. Technology changed everything, for better or for worse. Better for the way things are made in mass, worse for the people who lose their jobs by being replaced by it.In conclusion, the French Revolution changed many things, we got a new government, technology, money, and rights as humans. Brotherhood is what unplowed people together when conditions got bad, even when the church properties were sold people kept their faith. Everyone played a role in this movement whether they knew it or not. The bottom will always find a way to fight and be heard where wealthy are only wealthy until they become too greedy.2. Napoleonic TimelineFor each date and location, identify the significant event that occurred and write a single-sentence commentary of the event.August 15, 1769Napoleon Bonaparte was born on this day, in Ajaccio, Caosica Ajaccio, CorsicaJuly 4, 1776The Continental congress adopted the declaration of Independence. Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaJuly 14, 1789A Paris mob stormed into the Bastille prison to show the Bourbon Monarchy,this began the French Revolution. ParisSeptember 21, 1792The monarchy was abolished and France declared democracyFranceJanuary 21,1793King Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine for treasonParisAugust 22, 1795the new French constitution was adopted, thus forming the Directory or Constitution of the Year III FranceNovember 1517, 1796A three day battle, Napoleon grabbed the flag and lead the go against across the Arcola Bridge and won Arcole, Italy1798Napoleon invaded and captured these countries during the Mediterranean Campaign of 1798 Malta, Egypt, and SyriaNovember 9, 1799Napoleon seized power and made a new regime called the Consulate, and the he was a potentate FranceFebruary 9, 1801the Treaty of Luneville was singed between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Emperor France II Lunville, France1801The Concordat of 1801, July 15, 1801 Napoleon, papal, and the clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris. The Concordat was mop up the breach caused by the church and confiscations Rome and Paris work 25, 1802the Treaty of Amiens was a peace agreement signed by the French First Republic Great Britain, Spain and Netherlands. Made to put an end to the Second Coalition War, but lasted a year Amiens, FranceAugust 2, 1802Napoleon was named consul for life, and was able to choose this own successor. France declination 2, 1804Napoleon crowned himself the emperor of France in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. ParisOctober 21,180527 Royal Navy ships defeated 33 of Napoleons ships, he had not planned on fighting and lost 22 of his ships. Atlantic Ocean, near Cdiz, Spain, and the Straits of GibraltarDecember 26, 1805A peace treaty between France and Austria, after Napoleon won the Battle of Austerlitz. Bratislava (Pressburg)JuneNovember 1812The Patriotic War, between Russia and French Army, Napoleon had a huge lose to Russia. This lead to more countries fighting back against Napoleon. RussiaOctober 1619, 1813Battle of Leipzig, Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden all against the French Army. The largest battle before WWI. Napoleon wsa defeated, and was exiled to Elba that next spring. Leipzig, GermanyApril 11, 1814Napoleon was banished from France and sent to the Mediterranean island of Elba. ParisMarch 20, 1815Napoleon escaped the island and returned to Paris, regained followers and reclaimed this title as the emperor. FranceJune 15, 1815Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterl oo, this was the end of the French domination in Europe. Waterloo, Belgiumwhitethorn 5, 1821Napoleon died from possible stomach cancer, even though some think he was poisoned. Saint Helena, South Atlantic

Notes on Ecosystems

Topic 1 Ecosystems at Risk A. Ecosystems and Their Management 2. Vulner dexterity and Resilience of Ecosystems * Vunerability is the sensitivity of an ecosystem to cope with stress. * Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem (or a agent of an ecosystem) to adapt to a changing environment and to restore function and structure following an episode of pictorial or human-induced stress. * All ecosystems function in a state of dynamic equilibrium or a continual state of balanced transfer. This state of dynamic equilibrium is the product of the interrelationship of the elements in the ecosystem the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.* win over occurs be manage the interrelationship between minerals, slide fastener and communities varies over time. * It is also the inter viewence of these four elements that makes an ecosystem vulnerable. * A change beyond the limits of the equilibrium, in any of these elements, mode that the system as a whole atomic number 50not exis t in its original state. All ecosystems atomic number 18, in a sense, vulnerable, but the level of vulnerability depends on how small a change is needed in any element to upset the equilibrium. * Ecosystems, are thitherfore, not equally at risk some are more resilient than others. Which ecosystems puzzle great resilience? Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem (or comp angiotensin converting enzyment of an ecosystem) to adapt to a changing environment and to restore function and structure following an episode of natural or human- induced stress.Ecosystems rich in biodiversity generally nurse greater resilience than those with little diversity. They are able to recover more readily from by nature induced stress (including drought and fire) and human- induced home ground close. 2. Under what conditions does long-term degradation occur? Long-term degeneration occurs when the magnitude and duration of the stress guide the ability of the component to repair itself. 3. Explain the operate shown in Fig 1. 1. 28. Figure 1. 1. 28 shows the impact of stress on the functioning of ecosystems.It shows the Elasticity and the roam of reco very(prenominal) of an ecosystem property following disturbance. It also shows the rate of amplitude and the threshold level of strain beyond. The intensity and duration of stress is important in basis of the effect it has on ecosystems. 4. Outline how natural sources of stress chamberpot play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems. These changes could be in response to changes in the availability of water, average temperature or many other natural events. In nature, these changes usually take place very slowly.The biome gradually adapts as sensuals and be species that have characteristics unsuited to the change die out and those more suited the environment remains alive to breed and pass on their characteristics to successive generations. This process is cognise as natural selection. Causes of Ecosystem Vuln erability * All ecosystems have some ability to withstand stress. * They tend to resist being disturbed or altered and bequeath restore themselves to their original condition if not disturbed too dramatically. * In other words, ecosystems maintain themselves deep down a tolerable wrap of conditions. A deed of factors are relevant to the vulnerability of ecosystems to stress, including location, extent, biodiversity and linkages. a) Location * Where an ecosystem is will affect its functioning. * At a global scale, latitude, distance from the sea, and altitude play decisive roles in ascertain climate and ultimately the nature of particular ecosystems.* The microclimatic features of a location can be significant enough to create a range of distinctive ecosystem types within relatively small domain of a functions e. g. aspect. * Some ecosystems are located in nvironments that are extreme e. g. deserts, polar, hypersaline lagoons. * Organisms capable of living in such conditions a re highly specialised. * The greater the degree of specialisation of an organism to a particular set of environmental conditions the more vulnerable it is to changes in those conditions e. g. coral * Corals are highly specialised organisms that lucubrate in the relatively shallow, nutrient-deficient waters of the tropics. * Any increase in nutrient levels promotes the growth of algae, which reduces the amount of sunlight available for coral growth. If high nutrient levels track the corals become stressed, reefs contract in size and the number of coral species declines. * Coral is also sensitive to changes in water temperature, and flourish between 25C to 29C. * A small increase in the temperature can kill the coral polyp, leaving only the white calcium skeleton (coral bleaching).* Proximity to medium-large concentrations of people is another important contributing factor to ecosystem vulnerability demand for land grows as populations grow. Urban, industrial and agricultural land uses terminate natural ecosystems, piece oceans, rivers and the atmosphere become dumping grounds for pollutants. b) Extent The extent (size) of any particular ecosystem is the product of a variety of factors. Recent research has shown that the boundaries of ecosystems tend to intersection point each other. E. g. river ecosystems extended beyond the river channel to include the whole drainage system. Thus, human activity in the drainage basin can impact on the river itself even when it occurs some distance from the channel. E. g. whitethorn increase soil erosion A study showed that stoneflies and other creatures living in shallow wells on the flood plain of the river, up to 2km away from the river, mated along the riverbanks before returning to lay their eggs in the wells. This means the floodplain and the river cannot be considered as separate systems. Ecosystems that are restricted to relatively small areas or have already been distributed extensively are especially vulne rable Tropical rainforest, have relatively small populations of a large number of pecies confined to relatively small, localised communities Loss of small areas of rainforest can lead to extinction of plant and animal species Savanna grasslands, have large populations of a small number of species spread out over ofttimes larger areas Loss of a small area of grassland therefore need not result in the extinction of species. Large herbivores typical of these regions require extensive grazing areas c) Biodiversity Biodiversity is usually considered at three levels transmittable diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. ) Genetic diversity Genetic diversity is the variety of genetic information contained in all the individual plants, animals and micro-organisms Genetic diversity occurs within and between populations of species as well as between species. Genetic diversity favours the survival of a species, because it increases the chance that some members of the spe cies will have characteristics that aid their survival often a gene has costs as well as benefits A study has shown that peach potato aphids that are resistant to common pesticides are less(prenominal) able to survive ii) Species diversity Species diversity is a measure of the number of species at each trophic level of an ecosystem The greater the species diversity the more iron the ecosystem If the population of one consumer organism crashers there are other producers available that can fulfil a similar function in the ecosystem When ecosystems are diverse, there is a range of pathways for the ecological processes, such as nutrient recycling If one pathway is damaged or destroyed, an alternative whitethorn be apply and the ecosystem can continue to function at its normal level If the level of biodiversity is greatly diminished, the functioning of the ecosystem is put at risk The greater the level of diversity, the greater the opportunity to adapt to change Many diverse ecosystems are characterised by highly specialised organisms A species whitethorn be vulnerable even if the ecosystem as a whole is not iii) Ecosystem diversity Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity present within ecosystems in terms of habitat differences, biotic communities and the variety of ecological processes d) LinkagesInterdependence, or linkages, is related to species diversity The greater the level of interdependence within an ecosystem the greater its ability to absorb change The loss of a primary consumer from a forage web, e. g. s unlikely to have a major impact on secondary consumers if there is a range of alternative primary consumers on which to commit Ecosystems that have low levels of interdependence are much more vulnerable to change Krill are the dominant primary consumer organism and the main source of energy for some species of whale Interdependence can take very subtle forms e. g. some flowering plants can be fertilised by only one species of sucking louse Anything that jeopardises this third organism, therefore, will affect the reproductive success of the flowing plant Primary consumers have highly specific pabulum sources, and many parasitic organisms depend on specific hosts The same characteristics can be exploited by existence in the biological control of pest species Large consumer animals may range across a number of small, localised ecosystems, having genetically adapted to the variations in all of them 1.Outline (using examples) how the level of interdependence within an ecosystem will affect its vulnerability. Interdependence, or linkages, is related to species diversity. The greater the level of interdependence within an ecosystem the greater its ability to absorb change. The loss of a primary consumer from a food web, e. g. is unlikely to have a major impact on secondary consumers if there is a range of alternative primary consumers on which to feed. Ecosystems that have low levels of interdependence a re much more vulnerable to change 2. Give an example of the subtle forms this interdependence can take. Interdependence can take very subtle forms e. g. ome flowering plants can be fertilised by only one species of insect. This insect may turn, be dependent on some other organism for part of its life cycle. movement study Vulnerability of Minnamurra Rainforest The Minnamurra rainforest is a small pocket of rainforest located on the South Coast of New South Wales most Kiama.The extent, biodiversity and location of the rainforest all work together to make this a vulnerable ecosystem. It is located close to urban development and is surrounded by farms. This increases the levels of pollutants entering the system and has lead to significant weed infestation. Natural and Human-Induced Environmental Stress Ecosystems are constantly changing and evolving in response to stress-induced changes within the total environment. * These changes may be brought about naturally e. g. drought, or ma y be human-induced e. g. deforestation. * Natural changes usually take place more slowly than human-induced changes and the biome gradually adapts as animals and plant species that have characteristics unsuited to the change die out, and those more suited to the in the altogether environment remain alive to breed and pass on their characteristics to successive generations (a process known as natural selection).* Sudden natural disasters have occurred from time to time which have caused whole species to die out almost instantly because they had no time to adapt, however this is rare. In contrast, human-induced changes are usually rapid and do not allow species to adapt. * The ability to instigate large-scale environmental change means that people are able to push the state of dynamic equilibrium beyond its limits. * This means that people have created situations where they are required to maintain a state of equilibrium by utilising resources found elsewhere e. g. the use of fertili sers and pesticides to maintain an agricultural monoculture, which would collapse without them.* Today, human activities destroy or seriously threaten species and destroy or degrade their habitat. Changes affecting ecosystems by cause and rate Catastrophic Gradual Natural sources of environmental stress Drought Climatic Change deluge Immigration of new species Fire Adaptation/evolution Volcanic eruption Ecological succession Earth Quake disease Landslide Change in stream course Disease Human-induced sources of environmental stress Deforestation Irrigation- salinization, waterlogging Overgrazing Soil compaction Ploughing Depletion of ground water Erosion wet/air pollution Pesticide application Loss and degradation of wildlife activity Fire Elimination of pests and predators Mining Introduction of new species Toxic Contamination Overhunting/Overfishing Urbanisation Toxic contamination Water/Air pollution Urbanisation Loss and degradation of wil dlife activity Excessive tourism a) Natural environmental stress * Some natural sources of stress can be catastrophic and cause very rapid change e. g. droughts, floods, fire, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, disease, tsunamis and cyclones.* Most natural sources of environmental stress are more gradual and do allow species to adapt e. g. climatic change, immigration, adaption/evolution, ecological succession, disease, geographical isolation. Climate change was thought to be the reason behind the extinction of the dinosaur. * Ecological succession involves one species gradually taking over an environment from another as circumstances within the environment change e. g. as a climate becomes drier, drought-resistant species will gradually take over. Some of the do of environmental stress Organism Level Physiological and biological changes Psychological disorders Behavioural changes Fewer or no government issue Genetic defects in offspring Cancers Population Level Populat ion increase or decrease Change in age structure Survival of polar genetic strains based on stress threshold Loss of genetic diversity ExtinctionCommunity-ecosystem level Disruption of energy flows -Decrease or increase in solar energy uptake and heat output -Changes in trophic structure in food chains and webs Disruption of chemical cycles -Depletion of essential nutrients -excessive nutrient levels decrease -reduction in species diversity -reduction or elimination of habitats -less complex food webs -possibility of lowered stability -possibility of ecosystem collapse Case study Mt. St. Helens volcanic eruption 18th may 1980 at MT st Helens Washington state. A large volcanic eruption disrupts the natural order. New populations of flora and fauna were beginning to colonise the harsh environment.The new ecosystem formed and the process of regeneration was observed as the organisms with enough resilience survived and repaired. b) Human-induced environmental stress * People play a ro le in maintaining or disturbing the dynamic equilibrium of any ecosystem. * The impacts of human activity have a global dimension, operating within the context of an interdependent global environment. * spherical co-operation is needed to address the threats to the worlds biophysical environment. * The causes of environmental degradation in todays world include massive population growth evolution world poverty and the crippling burden of debt non-sustainable agricultural practices in many countries environmentally damaging industrialisation and exploitation of natural resources, especially in forgetful countries struggling for export earnings* Each of these issues need to be effectively dealt with if humans are to combat environmental degradation. * Human threats to biodiversity include species introductions habitat destruction hunting/trade in animal products pollution * The World Conservation Unions analysis of animal extinctions since 1600 found that 39% resulted from s pecies introductions, 36% from habitat destruction and 23% from deliberate extermination. answer the questions from the information on page 32-33 1. Outline the history of human-induced change. valet de chambre have induced change in ecosystems since very early days in their evolution.The effects have been either caused intentionally or inadvertently. eg Aboriginals burnt bushland to aid in hunting as well as inadvertently promoting growth and shaping the Australian bushland through natural selection promoting growth. 2. Outline how humans have simplified natural ecosystems and what this has resulted in the need for. Humans have been shaping ecosystems for their benefit. In this process the useful parts of the ecosystem have remained and the other parts have changed or died out. This process has also simplified the ecosystem in some cases making it unable to support itself. Eg crops, farms require money and time for upkeep. 3. What is the great environmental challenge for humans?T he great challenge that humans manifestation with their environment is to maintain a healthy balance between simplified ecosystems and neighbouring complex ecosystems. 4. Outline the ways in which humans modify natural vegetation, and the ability of the affected ecosystems to recover in each case. Human induced change can be either intentional, inadvertent or a result of negligence. The changes do can result in complete ecological destruction but occasionally the ecosystem can adapt due to its resilience and survive with the change. The Nature of Human-induced Modifications Human-induced modifications to ecosystems may be either intentional or inadvertent. In some cases they are the result of negligence on the part of people. i) Intentional ecosystem changeHumans bring about intentional ecosystem change for human benefit. An example of this can be found in the aboriginal burning for easier hunting or simply clearing land and producing food from crops or livestock. ii) Inadverten t ecosystem change ? These are changes that are not intended, but occur indirectly as a result of human activity. ? Meeting the involve and wants of humankind and a rapidly increasing human population will inevitably bring about large-scale environmental change. ? Unlike other species, humans have the ability to transfer resources from one region to another and to modify ecosystems in order to sustain continued population growth.Examples of human activities and the inadvertent effects they have include Farming Reduction of biodiversity, destruction of habitats, soil erosion, introduction of harmful pesticides killing native flora/fauna. Urbanisation- Total destruction of habitat, fragmentation of habitat destruction of ecosystem linkages, Increased pollution affecting surrounding ecosystems, Destruction of ozone o3 layer through use of cfcs iii) Ecosystem change caused through negligence People sometimes cause environmental change through negligence. Some of the more notorious exa mples of humanitys failure to protect ecosystems at risk are the ? Explosion of the nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine ?Minamata children being poisoned by mercury accumulated in the food chain ? Grounding of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska which caused far-flung environmental destruction Consequences of human-induced changes . Human induce change is occurring worldwide in ecosystems. . The magnitude and rate of change is closely linked to human population size. . Salinization and desertification are two large scale problems with deforestation a major cause of ecosystem destruction through change. . Almost 11 million ha of land is prodigal each year. Takes between 100 and 250 years for topsoil to build up in an area, can be destroyed in less than 10 by human activity.